Egypt Is The Mother Of The World .. History And Civilization
The history of Egypt is the history of human civilization, where the ancient Egyptian man innovated and presented an ancient civilization that preceded the civilizations of the peoples of the world ... a pioneering civilization that astonished the world and scholars with its thought and knowledge, as it is a civilization connected with rings, with which the Egyptian people interacted, and left their mark on his mind and conscience.
Egypt was the first country in the ancient world to know the principles of writing and invented letters and hieroglyphic signs, and the ancient Egyptians were keen to write and record their history and the events they made and lived, with this great civilization step Egypt moved from prehistoric times and became the first country in the world with a history It is written, and it has fixed systems, and therefore it was considered by all standards as for human civilizations, just as Egypt was the land of the prophets and messengers .. So the father of the prophets Ibrahim, peace be upon him, married her and Mrs. Hajar ... and Joseph, peace be upon him, came to her, became a minister and his father followed him to her. Jacob ... and the greatest dialogue between God Almighty and Moses, peace be upon him, took place on its land, and to Egypt the Holy Family, the Blessed Virgin Mary, Jesus as a child, and Youssef al-Najjar took refuge, and they made a blessed historical journey to its land.And God Almighty has chosen Egypt to be the conquest of the true Islamic religion, to become with that the fortified refuge that the sky wished to be an oasis of peace and safety forever and the meeting place of the three monotheistic religions.
Multiple civilizations followed on the land of Egypt, so Egypt was the cradle of the Pharaonic civilization, the incubator for the Greek and Roman civilization, a beacon for the Coptic civilization, and the protector of the Islamic civilization.
First: The Pharaonic Era:
The Old Kingdom (2980-2475 BC)
Egyptian civilization developed and the principles of the central government crystallized, and the era of this country witnessed a comprehensive renaissance in various aspects of life, as the ancient Egyptians reached the hieroglyphic writing (meaning the sacred inscription), and the kings took care of securing the country's borders and activated the trade movement between Egypt and Sudan, and Egypt received A glorious era in its history was known as the "age of the pyramids builders" and with the development of agriculture and industry, the Egyptians used the first river fleet to transport their products. Maritime navigation reached a great affair and became an organized craft like other well-established crafts for which ancient Egypt was famous.
The Middle Kingdom (2160-1580 BC)
The kings of the Middle Kingdom were interested in projects that were most beneficial to the people, so agriculture flourished and handicrafts developed, and Egyptian artists and engineers produced a wonderful heritage that spread in Luxor, Fayoum and Ain Shams, as well as art and literature flourished in this era, and with the end of the rule of this country witnessed the Hyksos invading and occupying Egypt.
The New Kingdom Era (1580-1150 BC)
After King Ahmose I eliminated the Hyksos and expelled them outside the eastern borders of Egypt, security and stability returned to the country, and Egypt began a new era, which is the era of the modern state, and Egypt realized the importance of military force to protect the country, so a strong army was created to form a great empire that extended from the Euphrates River In the east to the fourth waterfall on the Nile in the south, Egypt became a great power, and thus a great and sprawling empire.
The kings and queens of the Eighteenth Dynasty have gained international fame in the fields of politics, war, culture, civilization and religion .. “Ahmose,” the liberation hero, “Amenhotep the First,” who issued a law prohibiting forced labor and setting fair standards for wages and incentives .. “Tuthmosis the First”
The warrior who expanded the Egyptian borders north and south, spreading education and expanding the opening of mines and the mining industry .. "Thutmose III", the emperor of the outstanding military genius and the first great conqueror in the history of the world .. "Thutmose IV", the diplomat who was the first interested in codifying and recording international treaties .. And "Amenhotep the Third", the richest king in the ancient world, who opened schools "houses of life" to spread education, plastic and applied arts .. "Akhenaten", the first monotheist and the first king in human history, called for the oneness of God, the creator of everything, and established a new capital for the country. He called it "Akhetaton" and "Tutankhamun", the young king, who gained great fame in the contemporary world. Among the most famous queens of this family is Queen Aahhotep, wife of King Seknen Ra, and Queen Ahmose Nefertari, wife of King Ahmose the First, and Queen T.
From the rule of the 21st family until the 28th family, Egypt was subjected to the occupation of the Assyrians in 680 BC, then the Persians, until the rule of the Pharaohs ended with the 30th family and Alexander the Great entered Egypt.
Second: the Greek era
Alexander the Macedonian succeeded in defeating the Persians in Asia Minor and then conquering Egypt in 333 BC and expelling the Persians from it, and Alexander crowned himself king on the path of the Pharaohs and laid the foundation of the city of Alexandria and then made a pilgrimage to the Temple of Amun in the Siwa Oasis, which enjoyed wide international fame at that time. .
Egypt under the rule of the Ptolemies 333-30 BC
After the death of Alexander, "Ptolemy" - one of the leaders of Alexander - established the rule of the Ptolemies in Egypt, which lasted from 323 BC until the year 30 BC. The Ptolemaic state remained strong during the reign of its first kings, and then weakened due to the weakness of its kings and the Egyptian revolt against them. Rome took advantage of these disputes to extend its influence over Egypt and wiped out the Ptolemies in 30 BC, during the reign of Queen Cleopatra.
The Ptolemies built in Alexandria palaces and gardens, and Alexandria became a center of civilization, as its fame spread in the field of art, science, industry and trade, and it was also the first port in the Mediterranean thanks to its famous lighthouse, which the Greeks considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Alexandria University, and the Library of Alexandria.
Third: the Roman era:
The Romans conquered Egypt in the year 30 BC, and Egypt became one of its states and the most valuable property of the Roman Empire for its unique geographical location, fertility of its abundant production land, and its urban, cultural and civilizational renaissance. Agriculture flourished in the Roman era, and the glass industry, which is considered one of the finest Egyptian industries, even returns to Egypt the merit of inventing art Forming glass by blowing, as Egypt monopolized the manufacture of paper, and the manufacture of perfumes, toiletries and linen textiles became famous, and from here the Egyptian capital at that time "Alexandria" became the largest commercial and industrial center in the eastern Mediterranean and the second city of the Roman Empire, as the University of Alexandria continued during the Roman era. A center for scientific research and a headquarters for scholars from all over the world.
Fourth: the Coptic era
Christianity entered Egypt in the middle of the first century AD, and with the entry of Saint Mark of Alexandria in 65 AD, the first Coptic Church was established in Egypt. In the late third century AD Christians were persecuted by Emperor Diocletian and this period was called the era of martyrs for many who were martyred in it. The Copts, and the Copts took from the year in which Diocletian ascended the throne (284 AD) the beginning of the Coptic calendar, and one of the most prominent manifestations of this era is the spread of asceticism among Christians, which resulted in the establishment of monasticism and the establishment of many monasteries all over Egypt.
Manifestations of Coptic civilization in Egypt
Coptic architecture emerged influenced by the spirit of ancient Pharaonic art, and the churches built in the fifth century AD are a model of Coptic architecture and art, and the prevailing imaging in the Coptic era was an extension of the method that was repeated from previous eras in Egypt, which is painting in the colors of Persian oxides on walls covered with a layer of plaster.
Fifthly: the Islamic era
Egypt was conquered during the reign of Caliph Umar bin Al-Khattab by Amr bin Al-Aas in 20 AH / 641AD, and Egypt began an important stage during which it played an important role throughout the various stages of history, starting with the Umayyad era, then the Abbasid, the Al-Akhshidi, the Fatimids, then the Mamluk era, and finally the Ottoman Empire that was Egypt One of its states for about three hundred years.
Manifestations of Islamic civilization in Egypt
Egypt witnessed during the Islamic rule a comprehensive renaissance in architecture and arts represented in Islamic architecture and the establishment of many mosques, castles, forts and fortifications, the first Islamic capital in Egypt, which is the city of "Fustat" and the mosque of Amr Ibn Al-Aas, as well as the establishment of the Nilometer on the island of Rawda, the oldest Egyptian influence Islamic established by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil Allah in the year 245 AH.
The flowering of Islamic architecture was evident in the city of Al-Qata`, and the Ahmed Ibn Tulun Mosque, which was built on the path of Amr Ibn Al-Aas Mosque, with the addition of the fountain, the minaret, the pillars, the decoration and the founding board. The minaret of the Ibn Tulun Mosque is derived from the Persian temples known as the Zigurat. Islamic architecture also advanced in the Fatimid era, and among its most famous art in Egypt, the Al-Azhar Mosque, the Al-Anwar Mosque "Al-Hakim by God’s command" and the Al-Aqmar Mosque, and the Al-Jyoushi scene, which is a model for the construction of domes and the establishment of mosques, and as for the era. The Ayyubid was distinguished by the progress of architecture, and one of the most famous landmarks is the Citadel of Saladin. This castle represents Islamic architecture from the Ayyubid state until the era of Muhammad Ali. The Mamluks also left a great artistic wealth represented in mosques, domes, Sufi houses, palaces, schools, castles and basilicas.
Sixth: the modern era
ofuhammad Ali is considered the founder of modern Egypt due to his reforms that included all aspects of life in line with the spirit of the modern era, so he started building the strong Egyptian army and established the military school and shipbuilding in Bulaq and the marine arsenal in Alexandria. Factories and factories to fill the needs of the army and sell the surplus to the people, and in the field of trade, the work of "Muhammad Ali"To spread security in the internal trade routes, to establish a fleet for foreign trade, to spread education to meet the need of government offices, to establish schools of all levels and specializations, and to send missions to Europe to transfer modern sciences, and Muhammad’s sons tried to follow his path in an attempt to catch up with European civilization. Khedive Ismail was a renaissance represented in administrative reform. Industry and agriculture also witnessed a renaissance and great prosperity during his reign. He took an interest in building and architecture, established the Opera House, and extended railways.
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